Sunday 27 September 2015

Caffeine During Pregnancy

Effects of Caffeine on the Human Body


Caffeine is a mild stimulant of the central nervous system (1). It may help prevent sleepiness in some people (1). It may slightly increase the effect of analgesics, such as aspirin or acetaminophen (43). It slightly widens vessels, which may help in migraine, so it is added to certain migraine medications (3).


Caffeine Side Effects


Short-Term Side Effects


Some people may experience caffeine side effects after as little as 2-3 cups of coffee:


  • Anxiety, restlessness, insomnia

  • Dry mouth, thirst

  • Increased heart rate

  • Heartburn, stomach upset, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea (in larger doses, caffeine acts as a laxative) (41)

  • Slight increase of the heart rate and breathing frequency

  • Transient increase of blood pressure (up to 15 mm Hg) (10)

  • Jitteriness

  • Aggravation of the premenstrual syndrome (PMS) (7)

  • Aggravation of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS); it may aggravate diarrhea (8)

  • Aggravation of the existing urinary incontinence (caffeine may increase the urge of urination) (42)

  • Allergic reaction with rash, itchy skin, swollen face and lips (6)

  • Caffeine acts as a slight diuretic–it stimulates urine secretion–, but it does not likely cause dehydration (2,42).

  • (References 1,4,5,6)

Acute Caffeine Intoxication or Overdose


Some people may have symptoms of caffeine intoxication after two cups of coffee (250 mg caffeine), many people after about six cups (600 mg caffeine), but some do not have any symptoms even after 900 milligrams of caffeine (2).



Possible symptoms of caffeine overdose:


  • Headache

  • Facial flushing

  • Nervousness, feeling of fear, depression or even hallucinations

  • Hyperventilation associated with tingling fingertips and toes

  • Hand shaking

  • Pounding heart

  • Fever

  • Dilated pupils

  • Ringing in the ears (tinnitus)

  • Rare complications include: hyperglycemia, hypokalemia, heart attack, stroke, muscle disintegration (rhabdomyolysis)

  • Death from caffeine is rare; about 10 grams of caffeine may be lethal for adults.

  • (References 2,6,7,9,41)

Chronic Caffeine Side Effects


  • Chronic caffeine intoxication or caffeinism (after ingestion of more than 1,000 mg caffeine or about 10 cups of coffee per day) with anxiety, tingling in the fingers and around the mouth, agitation, abdominal pain, anorexia, diarrhea, palpitations, tremor (13,14)

  • Depression (7)

  • Increased risk of fibrocystic breast disease (7)

  • Aggravation of restless leg syndrome (11)

  • Aggravation of symptoms of schizophrenia (12).

Caffeine Withdrawal Symptoms


Withdrawal symptoms typically appear 12-24  hours after the last caffeine dose in individuals who consume caffeine at least three days in the row (16); in some individuals, withdrawal symptoms may appear in as little as 3 hours and may last for a week (21). Main symptoms include headache, restlessness, fatigue, apathy, weakness, flu-like symptoms with stuffy nose (15).


Is Caffeine Good or Bad For You — Caffeine Tolerance


Many people quickly (in few days of regular consumption) develop tolerance to both beneficial effects (alertness) and harmful effects (e.g increase of blood pressure, insomnia) of caffeine (28,29).


How much caffeine is in a cup of coffee or tea?


TABLE: Caffeine content of coffee, tea, coke, energy drinks, chocolate (2,17,18,19,20,21,28)


Medicines and Herbal Products Containing Caffeine


Certain prescription or over-the counter medicines, such as analgesics, medications for migraine, diuretics, weight-loss pills, dietary supplements and stimulants may contain up to 400 milligrams caffeine per tablet or capsule (22,23). Certain herbal products containing yerba mate, guarana, green tea extracts and kola nut, contain caffeine. Consult your doctor before using any medication containing caffeine.


How much caffeine is safe during pregnancy?


Exact effects of caffeine on the growing baby are still not known, so doctors often advise against consuming caffeinated beverages during pregnancy. Many doctors recommend women to limit caffeine intake to 200 mg caffeine per day (about two cups of coffee; four cups of tea; five 12 oz cans of cola) to avoid eventual harms (30,31,38).


Risks of Caffeine Intake in Early Pregnancy (First Trimester) and in Third Trimester


  • According to one Swedish study from y. 1998, caffeine intake greater than 100 mg per day by nonsmoking women in the first trimester increases the risk of spontaneous abortion (24).

  • According to one y. 2003 study in Norway, caffeine consumption in the third trimester was associated with lower birth weight, especially in boys (33).

  • Heavy caffeine consumption (at least 400 mg or 4 cups of coffee per day) throughout pregnancy was associated with increased risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) (40).

  • Some other studies have found no association between caffeine consumption and miscarriage (42).

Caffeine, Stunt Growth and Low Birth Weight


The results of studies about the effect of caffeine intake during pregnancy on birth outcomes are conflicting. Below, few studies are mentioned:


  • According to one large study performed in the UK in y. 2008, caffeine intake as low as 100 mg per day was associated with increased risk of retarded growth of the babies (25).

  • In one large U.S. study from y. 1986, daily intake of 150-300 mg caffeine was associated with about twice increased risk of low birth weight, and intake of more than 300 mg caffeine with more than 4 times increased risk of low birth weight in the babies (26).

  • In one study, heavy smoking, alcohol intake and caffeine intake greater than 400 mg per day throughout pregnancy was associated with low birth weight (27).

  • Some studies have found no significant difference in birth outcomes between mothers who consumed caffeine and those who did not (36,39).

Caffeine During Pregnancy and Irritability and ADHD in Children


  • When mothers regularly consume caffeine during pregnancy, babies can have withdrawal symptoms, such as irritability and vomiting, lasting for few days after delivery (44).

  • One large study in the Netherlands that ended in y. 2012 has shown no association between caffeine intake during pregnancy and hyperactivity or other behavioral problems in children (32).

Caffeine Intake and Birth Defects


Two studies in the U.S. (y. 2009 and 2011) did not reveal any association between caffeine intake during pregnancy and cleft palate or other birth defects in the babies (34,45).


Caffeine Is Pregnancy Category C


Caffeine is a pregnancy category C drug, which means that in animal studies, caffeine had adverse effects on the fetus, but no well controlled studies in humans have been done (47). This means that harmful effects of caffeine on the human fetus have not been firmly proven, but they currently cannot be ruled out.


Caffeine Intake and Infertility


One large study in Denmark (y.2007-2010) (35) and one 2010 study in Saudi Arabia (37) and some other studies (42) have found no significant association between caffeine intake and fertility.


Conclusion: Facts and Myths


Facts


Fact 1: Caffeine can get across the placenta and increase baby’s heart rate (46).


Fact 2: Some, but not all, studies have found association between caffeine consumption during pregnancy, miscarriages and and low birth in the babies.


Myths


Myth 1: Caffeine during pregnancy is always harmful for the baby. The fact is that not all studies have found harmful effects of caffeine on the babies.


Myth 2: Caffeine leads to irritability and ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder) in the newborn child. This association has not been proven.




Caffeine During Pregnancy
Posted by at
Labels: ,

No comments:

Post a Comment

Note: only a member of this blog may post a comment.

Subscribe to: Post Comments (Atom)